Citius : Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga, dan Kesehatan

Systematic literature review pencak silat exercise in improving confidence and discipline of elementary school students

2026-01-11T05:22:27+00:00

Pencak Silat as a national cultural heritage plays an important role not only as a martial art but also as a means of character development, including the formation of self-confidence and discipline in elementary school students. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of Pencak Silat training in increasing students' self-confidence and discipline through a systematic review approach. The study used the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method with the stages of formulating Research Questions, literature searches, determining inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessing article quality, analyzing findings, and drawing conclusions. Data were obtained from national publications through Google Scholar using the keywords "Pencak Silat Training", "Self-Confidence", and "Elementary School Student Discipline" for the period 2020–2025, and analyzed following the PRISMA guidelines. The results of the analysis indicate that Pencak Silat training consistently contributes positively to increasing self-confidence and discipline in elementary school students through a structured training process that trains emotional control, compliance with rules, and courage in socializing. This study concludes that the development of Pencak Silat extracurricular activities is worthy of recommendation as an effective strategy in comprehensively building student character.

Implementation of game variations traditional in improving elementary school physical education learning

2026-06-18T05:32:04+00:00

Traditional games are part of the cultural heritage that contain educational, social, and character values, but their existence is increasingly marginalized due to the dominance of modern games and less varied Physical Education learning. This condition has an impact on low motivation, participation, and reduced integration of local cultural values in learning in elementary schools. This study aims to analyze how the implementation of variations of traditional games in improving Physical Education learning in elementary schools in Lahat Regency. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive design. The population and sample of the study were 42 elementary school students in Lahat Regency. Local traditional games include adang-adangan, Benteng-bentengan, damdas, cak bikak, and yeye, in Physical Education learning activities. The research instruments include observation, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out using qualitative thematic analysis through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions, and strengthened by data triangulation. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of variations of traditional games increases student engagement, motivation, and active participation in Physical Education learning. Students demonstrated development in motor skills, cooperation, sportsmanship, self-confidence, and mutual respect. In conclusion, variations in traditional games are an effective, enjoyable, and contextual Physical Education (PE) learning strategy to improve the quality of learning in elementary schools. Further research can sustainably integrate traditional games into learning and encourage schools and policymakers to support the preservation of local culture through the PE curriculum.

Active thematic interactive game models In physical education learning

2026-04-19T11:58:55+00:00

Physical Education learning in elementary schools requires a model that can increase student engagement, motivation, and overall activity. The Interactive, Thematic, and Active learning model was developed as a learning innovation through 10 game models that integrate students' motor, cognitive, affective, and social aspects. This study aims to develop and test the feasibility of the PJOK learning model for fifth-grade elementary school students at SD Negeri 3 Kikim Timur and SD Negeri 2 Kikim Timur, Kikim Timur District, Lahat Regency, South Sumatra, Indonesia.The research method used was research and development. The research subjects consisted of three experts/validators, a physical education teacher, and 40 fifth-grade elementary school students. The research instruments consisted of an expert validation sheet, a teacher response questionnaire, and a student response questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive quantitative and qualitative methods. The results showed that all instrument items were declared valid with a CVR value range between -0.33 to 1.00, an average CVR of 0.22, and an average expert assessment of 3.58. Small-scale and large-scale trials by teachers obtained a very good category with an average score of 4.45 and 4.6. Student responses also showed positive results with an average of 82% on a small scale and 86% on a large scale. The conclusion is that the game-based learning model is declared feasible, interesting, and effective for use in learning Physical Education for grade V elementary school. Further research recommendations are to test the effectiveness of the model on a wider scale and examine its impact quantitatively on student learning outcomes and fitness.

Optimization of basic movement skills for early-age gymnasts based on augmented reality

2026-04-19T11:55:58+00:00

The increasing use of gadgets among young children has reduced physical activity levels, negatively affecting motor development and the acquisition of fundamental movement skills needed in artistic gymnastics. Since early childhood is a critical period for motor skill development, a lack of active movement may hinder children’s ability to perform basic gymnastics techniques. Although technology is widely used by children, there is still limited learning media that combines digital technology with physical activity to encourage movement and skill development.This study aimed to develop an Augmented Reality-based Flash Card (FCAR) product to improve the basic movement skills of early-age gymnasts. The FCAR displays three-dimensional projections of motor movements through augmented reality technology, allowing children to observe and imitate the movements in an interactive and enjoyable way. By integrating learning and play, the product encourages children to be physically active while practicing fundamental gymnastics skills.The study employed the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) model as a Research and Development framework. The product was designed, developed, implemented, and evaluated through a systematic process involving expert validation.The results indicated that the FCAR achieved an overall expert assessment score of 85.41%, categorized as “good.” Gymnastics and information technology experts confirmed that the product meets the movement composition standards outlined in the Code of Points for Artistic Gymnastics and is suitable for use by early-age gymnasts. Therefore, FCAR can be considered an innovative and effective learning medium for supporting motor skill development in children.

Analysis of physical fitness and basic technical skills of extracurricular futsal players

2025-12-31T23:19:26+00:00

Physical fitness and basic futsal technical skills are fundamental factors in achieving optimal player performance, particularly in school extracurricular activities. Poor physical condition and inadequate technical mastery can negatively affect game quality and training outcomes. This study aimed to analyze the levels of physical fitness and basic futsal technical skills among students participating in the futsal extracurricular program at SMK Nusantara Kotabumi. The research employed a quantitative descriptive method involving 20 students selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using physical fitness tests, including a 20-meter sprint, push-ups, sit-ups, and shuttle run, as well as basic futsal skill tests covering passing, dribbling, and shooting based on FIFA standards and motor skill theory. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including percentages, mean scores, and performance categories. The results revealed that students’ physical fitness levels were categorized as good (30%), moderate (60%), and poor (10%). In terms of technical skills, passing ability was predominantly in the good category (65%), while dribbling (55%) and shooting (50%) were classified as moderate. These findings indicate that although students demonstrate satisfactory passing skills, improvements are needed in agility, dribbling speed, and shooting accuracy. Therefore, coaches should implement player-centered training programs and conduct regular evaluations to enhance overall performance. Future studies are recommended to involve larger samples, additional variables, experimental designs, and technology-based assessment instruments.

Effectiveness of line games to improve motor skills of elementary school students

2026-05-25T13:13:03+00:00

Basic motor skills are an important aspect in the physical development of children and are one of the main goals of learning physical education in elementary school. However, the development of motor skills is often not optimal so that effective and interesting learning models are needed. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of line game learning to improve basic motor skills of elementary school students. The study used a quantitative approach with a one-group pretest-posttest pre-experimental design. Subjects were 25 elementary school students selected through total sampling technique, consisting of 14 male students and 11 female students aged 10-12 years. Motor skills were measured using observation instruments that included five dimensions, namely strength and flexibility, coordination, balance, movement skills, and courage and readiness to move. The Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk normality test,and paired sample t-test. The results showed that motor skills scores improved significantly. The average increase reached 49.53%, and all motor dimensions increased significantly. Conclusion the line game is effective for improving the basic motor skills of elementary school students and deserves to be recommended as a practical and easy-to-apply physical education learning strategy.

Effect of screen time and physical activity on the mental health of students

2026-06-04T01:17:49+00:00

Screen time has become an inseparable part of adolescents' lives in the digital era. Excessive screen time may affect mental health, while physical activity is often neglected as a result of this lifestyle. This study aims to analyse the influence of screen time duration and physical activity on the mental health of students at SMP Labschool UNESA 3. The research used a quantitative method with a correlational approach. The sample consisted of 90 students from grades 7 to 9, selected through random sampling. Data were collected using validated questionnaires covering screen time duration, physical activity level, and mental health based on the Mental Health Quality of Life (MHQoL) instrument. Data analysis was conducted using the Generalized Linear Model (GLM). The results showed that screen time duration and physical activity did not significantly affect students' mental health (p > 0.05). Most respondents demonstrated good to very good mental health conditions, although a small number of students were in the neutral to less favourable categories. The full model did not significantly improve on the intercept-only model (Omnibus test, p = 0.280), and the form of play (PB1) was the predictor closest to, though it did not reach, the significance threshold (p = 0.073), suggesting it warrants further investigation. Rather than duration alone, the findings underline the importance of attending to the type and quality of both screen-based and physical activities in supporting students' mental health.

Descriptive analysis of anthropometric and body composition characteristics in youth cycling performance

2026-06-04T01:17:52+00:00

Cycling performance is influenced by anthropometric characteristics and body composition that play a role in power production and motion efficiency. This study aims to describe the relationship of anthropometric characteristics and body composition with bicycle racing performance in adolescent mountain bike (MTB) athletes. The study used a descriptive quantitative design with a sample of three top-ranked athletes in the 2025 MTB criteria race in the 12-15 year age category in Lampung, Indonesia. Variables measured include completion time, final rating, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and muscle mass percentage. Anthropometric Data were measured using a stadiometer, body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and racing performance was obtained from official competition records. Data analysis is done descriptively. The results showed that athletes with better performance tended to have a lower percentage of body fat and a higher percentage of muscle mass. Athletes with the fastest times had the most favorable body composition profiles, while BMI and general anthropometric measures did not show a consistent pattern of relationship with performance. Inferences of body composition, particularly low body fat and high muscle mass, are more related to cycling performance than to general anthropometric measures or BMI. However, these findings need to be interpreted carefully due to the very small sample size. Further studies are suggested involving larger samples and additional physiological variables.

Differences in interest between male and female students toward badminton learning

2026-06-04T01:17:56+00:00

Student interest is a critical determinant of participation and achievement in physical education, yet gender-based differences in this interest remain underexplored at the junior high school level. This study examined the difference in interest between male and female students toward badminton learning among seventh-grade students at SMP Negeri 1 Malo. This research employed a quantitative approach with a comparative design. The research sample consisted of 136 students, including 63 male students and 73 female students. Data were collected using a questionnaire measuring students’ interest in badminton learning, consisting of 38 statements based on a Likert scale. Before testing the hypotheses, prerequisite tests including normality and homogeneity tests were conducted. The normality test using the Shapiro–Wilk method showed significance values of 0.236 for male students and 0.302 for female students, indicating that the data were normally distributed. The homogeneity test using Levene’s Test produced a significance value of 0.744, indicating that the variances of the two groups were homogeneous. Hypothesis testing using the Independent Samples T-Test resulted in a significance value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference in interest between male and female students toward badminton learning, with female students demonstrating higher interest scores than male students. The findings suggest that gender is one of the factors influencing students’ interest in physical education at school. Therefore, physical education teachers are encouraged to design engaging and inclusive learning strategies to enhance students’ interest and participation in sport activities.

Development of PE teaching materials on variations of fundamental locomotor movements toward elementary school

2026-06-04T01:18:01+00:00

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of developing basic locomotor movement teaching materials on student learning outcomes in elementary schools. This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE instructional design model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation), which aims to develop and test the effectiveness of learning products in the form of basic locomotor movement teaching modules. The research subjects were phase B students, namely fourth grade elementary school students of SD Negeri Kebraon 1 Surabaya. The data collection instrument used is a learning outcomes test to measure students’ abilities before and after implementing the developed teaching module. The data analysis technique was carried out using the paired sample t-test to determine differences in student learning outcomes before and after being given treatment. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that the development of the basic locomotor movement teaching module has had a significant influence on improving student learning outcomes, so that the developed teaching module is declared effective and suitable for use in PE learning in elementary schools.

Circuit training exercise model through the explosive power of the leg muscles of badminton extracurricular players

2026-06-04T01:17:58+00:00

The explosiveness of the leg muscles is an important component in supporting the performance of badminton athletes, especially for students who are members of extracurricular activities. This study aims to develop and test the effectiveness of circuit training models in increasing the explosiveness of leg muscles of high school badminton extracurricular students in Palembang City. The method used is research and development (Research and Development) involving expert validation and field trials. The validation results showed that the developed exercise model scored an average of 73.75% from academics, practitioners, and movement experts, which was included in the good category and worth testing. The small group trial at SMAN 8 Palembang obtained a result of 94.67%, while the large group trial at SMAN 9 Palembang showed a score of 92.5%. These results indicate that the circuit training model is very effective in increasing the explosive power of the leg muscles of high school badminton players. The conclusion of the circuit training model has proven to be effective and very good in increasing the explosiveness of the leg muscles of extracurricular badminton students. Practice model suggestions can be widely implemented by coaches or sports teachers as an alternative to physical exercise in badminton extracurricular activities in schools, as well as further research to test the effectiveness at different levels of education.

Development of athletic learning model through games in elementary school phase c learners

2026-06-04T01:18:04+00:00

This study aims to develop a model of athletic learning through play in elementary school students in Banyuasin. This study uses the research and Development method of Borg and Gall with ten Research steps. The subjects of this study were students of Grade V Elementary School in the District of Banyuasin I Kabuaten Banyuasin which has been validated, revised, and small and large scale trials. Expert validation there are three experts (100% very qualified category), then elementary school learning experts (100% very qualified category) and Game Experts (100% very qualified category) using questionnaires from various questions. The average of the three experts is 100% athletic learning model 1 and 2 feasible to use as a model of athletic learning in elementary school. This is also reinforced by the results at the time of small and large scale trials. Based on small-scale trials obtained scores of 99% of students can do all the movements in Models 1 and 2. While in large-scale trials obtained a score of 96% of students can do the movement of Models 1 and 2. Based on the results of both trials concluded that the learning model of Athletics 1 and 2 is very feasible to use in learning athletics. The conclusion of athletic learning model 1 and 2 is very feasible and effective to be used in athletic learning in elementary school. Researchers are further advised to develop athletic learning models at different grade or age levels, as well as test them in diverse regions or social contexts in order to generalize the model more broadly.

The Effect of Cooperative Learning Model on the Improvement of Basketball Skills among University Students

2026-06-04T01:18:08+00:00

The objective of this research was to analyze the impact of the cooperative learning model on the enhancement of basketball skills in university students. A pre-experimental one-group pre-test–post-test design was used in this study with 38 undergraduate students attending a basketball class. The intervention was carried out over eight weeks (16 sessions) using structured cooperative learning strategies such as positive interdependence, individual accountability and peer interaction. Basketball skills were assessed using standardized tests measuring dribbling, passing, and shooting performance. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired-samples t-tests, with effect sizes calculated using Cohen’s d where α was set to 0.05. All skill components demonstrated statistically significant increases (p < 0.001). Improvements in dribbling performance were evidenced by decreased completion times, while passing and shooting accuracy significantly increased. The overall skills score improved by 18.34%, again with large effect sizes (d = 0.95–1.20). The cooperative learning model was effective in improving basketball skills of university students. These results provide grounds for implementing student-centered teaching methods in higher education physical education contexts.

A 2d kinematic analysis of front kick speed in pencak silat athletes from south lampung regency

2026-06-04T01:18:14+00:00

This study aimed to describe the kinematic characteristics of front kick speed in regional level Pencak Silat athletes from South Lampung Regency preparing for the 10th Lampung Provincial Sports Week (PORPROV X) in 2026. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed involving ten athletes (six males and four females) who were actively participating in a centralized training program. Front kick performance was recorded using a high-speed Fujifilm X-T4 camera at 240 frames per second with a 50 mm focal length lens to minimize perspective distortion. The recorded videos were analyzed using Kinovea 2025.1.1 software through two-dimensional kinematic analysis. The measured variables included kick displacement, execution time, and average kick speed. The results showed that male athletes achieved higher average front kick speeds (2.75 m/s) than female athletes (2.33 m/s), primarily due to shorter execution times rather than greater displacement. Overall, performance was characterized by adequate movement range but lower temporal efficiency compared to values reported in elite athletes, indicating that execution time is a key determinant of front kick speed at the regional level. This study contributes to the biomechanics of Pencak Silat by providing empirical kinematic data at the provincial level and identifying execution time as a primary performance-limiting factor. These findings offer a biomechanical basis for targeted training interventions focusing on neuromuscular coordination, explosive strength, and movement acceleration. It can be concluded that improving temporal efficiency is critical to enhancing front kick performance. Future studies should incorporate larger samples and three-dimensional analysis for a more comprehensive understanding.

The effect of zig-zag and ladder drill training on sickle kick speed at the gsc pencak silat club

2026-06-04T01:18:20+00:00

The speed of the sickle kick is an important component of pencak silat that greatly affects the effectiveness of an attack and an athlete's performance. Proper physical exercises, such as zigzag running and ladder drills, are believed to increase agility and movement speed, ultimately contributing to increased kick speed. However, the effectiveness of these training methods still needs to be scientifically proven. This study aims to determine the effect of zigzag running and ladder drills on sickle kick speed and to compare the effectiveness of these training methods for pencak silat athletes. The study employed a quantitative experimental approach. The study population was participants in pencak silat training at Gisting Silat Club (GSC) in Tanggamus Regency. A sample of 30 people was taken using an ordinal pairing technique and divided into two treatment groups. The instrument used was a sickle kick speed test, and the data were analyzed using a t-test. The results showed that the zig-zag running exercise significantly increased the speed of the sickle kick (t-count: 8.411 > t-table: 2.145). Ladder drills also significantly increased speed (t count 4.063 > t table 2.145). However, there was no significant difference between the two training methods (t-count: 2.032 < t-table: 2.048).In conclusion, both types of exercise are effective in increasing the speed of the sickle kick; however, neither method is significantly superior. It is recommended that trainers use both methods in combination for optimal results.

Analyze of body mass index (BMI) and macronutrition needs for student age 11-13

2025-12-31T23:53:39+00:00

Calculation of students' nutritional status can be done using measurement tools, namely anthropometry, assisted by body mass index (BMI) classification. The components of the body mass index consist of height and weight. This study aims to analyze the BMI and macronutrient needs of seventh grade students of MTs Kalifa Nusantara Denpasar. This study is a quantitative descriptive study using a survey method. The sample in this study were 66 seventh grade students of MTs Kalifa Nusantara Denpasar, with 24 (36%) males and 42 (64%) females. Based on the results of the study, it was found that 10 (15%) students were classified as severely underweight, 17 (26%) students were classified as mildly underweight, 24 (36%) students had an ideal BMI, 9 (14%) students were classified as mildly obese, and 6 (9%) students were categorized as severely obese. The average daily energy requirement for male is 2959,82 cal and for female 2529,38 cal. The average seventh grade students of MTs Kalifa Nusantara Denpasar have a non-ideal body mass index, because the calculation results of all categories except ideal (light thin, heavy and mild obesity, heavy) are 64%, while the ideal category is only 36%. This condition needs to be a concern, both for students personally, PE teachers, and parents, so that students are able to obtain balanced nutrition so that the ideal category is achieved.

The relationship between toxic comment and the confidence of athletes’ coaching volleyball achievements

2026-06-04T01:18:23+00:00

Social media has become a part of athletes’ lives and can cause exposure to toxic comments that have an impact on psychological conditions, especially self-confidence. This study aims to determine the relationship between toxic comments on social media and the confidence of athletes coaching volleyball achievements at Sebelas Maret University. This study uses a quantitative, correlational method. The research subjects were 20 volleyball athletes enrolled in the achievement coaching program. Data were collected using toxic comments and confidence questionnaires, then analyzed using Pearson correlation tests and simple linear regression in IBM SPSS 25, after meeting the normality and linearity prerequisite tests. The results showed a significant negative relationship between toxic comments and athletes’ confidence (r = −0.520; p = 0.019) and a moderate relationship strength. The regression analysis showed that toxic comments accounted for 27.1% of athletes’ confidence. These findings indicate that the higher the exposure to toxic comments that athletes receive, the lower the level of confidence they have. Therefore, attention is needed to the psychological aspects of athletes, as well as efforts to strengthen digital literacy and mental resilience to foster sports achievements in the digital era.

The effect of play approach in throwing and catching learning towards self-regulated elementary school students

2026-06-04T01:18:27+00:00

The play approach is considered a learning strategy that aligns with the characteristics of elementary school students because it promotes active, exploratory, and meaningful physical activity. This approach has the potential to enhance students' self-regulation in the learning process. This study aims to determine the effect of using the play approach in physical education on students' self-management skills in throwing and catching in fifth grade at SDN 1 Kayuambon. The research method uses an experimental design with a randomized pretest-posttest control group. The study population included all 120 students in Class V at SDN 1 Kayuambon. Sixty students were randomly selected and divided into two groups: an experimental group of 30 students who received instruction using the Play approach and a control group of 30 students who received conventional instruction. Research instruments were used to measure student self-management aspects, and data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests. The results showed a significant increase in self-management in the experimental group, with values of t = -10.027 and p = 0.000; the control group did not show a significant increase, with values of t = 0.858 and p = 0.398. The independent t-test results showed significant differences between the two groups (t = 3.359; p = 0.001), indicating that the play approach is more effective than conventional learning models in improving student self-management. In conclusion, the Play approach to physical education has a better influence on improving student self-management than conventional learning. Further research is suggested to apply the Play approach to other physical education materials, such as physical fitness, gymnastics, and swimming, and to investigate its impact on aspects of physical fitness, cooperation, and student discipline.

The effect of underhand passing training methods on the accuracy of underhand passing among volleyball players

2026-06-04T01:18:30+00:00

Accuracy underhand passing is an important basic technique in volleyball used to receive the ball from the opponent. Good accurascy underhand passing skills are crucial for a team's success in defending and building attacks. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in accurascy underhand passing exercises on accurascy underhand passing skills in female volleyball players at SMPN 18 Gresik. The research method used a quantitative approach with an experimental method, namely True Experimental Design with a Randomized Pretest–Posttest Control Group Design. The population in this study were all 15 female volleyball players at SMPN 18 Gresik, who were also used as samples. The research instrument was an accurascy underhand passing skill test. Data analysis was carried out using normality tests, homogeneity tests, and differences in pretest and posttest results. The results showed that the accurascy underhand passing skill data were normally distributed with a p (Sig) value > 0.05 and the data were homogeneous with a sig. p value > 0.05. The group given the training variations showed a significant increase compared to the control group. Based on these results, it can be concluded that variations in underhand passing exercises have an effect on accurascy underhand passing skills in female volleyball players at SMPN 18 Gresik. It is recommended that coaches and sports teachers implement variations of underhand passing exercises in a programmed manner to improve students' basic volleyball technical skills.