Citius : Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga, dan Kesehatan

Effectiveness of the complex training method in improving the jump height of volleyball athletes

2026-07-31T15:20:43+00:00

A high vertical jump is an indispensable component for volleyball athletes to support optimal court performance, particularly in executing explosive smashes and solid defensive blocks. To optimize this physical attribute, coaches require a structured program such as complex training, which strategically integrates heavy resistance training and explosive plyometric exercises within a single session. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a complex training method, specifically combining squats and hurdle jumps, in improving the vertical jump height of volleyball athletes. Utilizing an experimental approach with a one-group pretest-posttest design, this study involved 12 active athletes from the Bivota Karawang Club selected through total sampling. The structured intervention was conducted over a 6-week period with a training frequency of three times per week. Jump performance was precisely measured using the Sargent Jump Test before and after the treatment. After confirming data normality and homogeneity, a paired-sample t-test was executed via SPSS. The statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in the mean jump height, progressing from 37.00 cm at pretest to 40.83 cm at posttest, with a significance value of 0.000 (\bm{p < 0.05}). This substantial improvement is attributed to the mechanism of Post Activation Potentiation (PAP), which enhances neuromuscular efficiency and muscular power output. In conclusion, the complex training method serves as a highly efficient and effective alternative program to increase lower-body explosive power. Consequently, volleyball coaches can integrate this method into routine training to maximize technical execution during high-intensity matches.

Effectiveness of the paper relay game method in improving cooperation and discipline in the candle pose material

2026-08-02T01:37:42+00:00

Physical education plays a strategic role in shaping student character through planned physical activity, yet floor gymnastics lessons at SMA N 1 Pegandon still show low engagement, with many students appearing passive, bored, and reluctant to follow the rules during the candle pose material. This study set out to test whether a paper relay game could raise cooperation and discipline in that setting. The research used a quantitative pre-experimental approach with a one-group pretest-posttest design involving 35 students of class X-5, chosen through purposive sampling. Cooperation and discipline were measured with observation sheets before and after the treatment, then analysed descriptively and with the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test in IBM SPSS Statistics 22. The average cooperation score rose from 2.03 to 2.57 and discipline climbed from 2.03 to 2.71, while the standard deviation fell for both, showing more consistent results after the treatment. The Wilcoxon test produced a significance value of 0.001 for cooperation and less than 0.001 for discipline, both below 0.05. These results show that the paper relay game method effectively improves cooperation and discipline, so it can serve as an engaging alternative strategy for physical education teachers.

The effect of the Volkraw game method on the learning outcomes of volleyball underhand passing among twelfth-grade students

2026-07-26T09:52:58+00:00

This study examined the effect of the Volkraw game method on the learning outcomes of volleyball underhand passing among twelfth-grade students at SMA Negeri 1 Mranggen in the 2025/2026 academic year. It used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method and a One-Group Pretest and Posttest Design, involving 33 students selected through random sampling. The independent variable was the Volkraw game method, while the dependent variable was students' underhand passing learning outcomes across the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. The instruments consisted of a multiple-choice test for the cognitive domain, an observation checklist for the affective domain, and a 60-second practical test for the psychomotor domain. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and the Paired Sample t-Test at a significance level of α = 0.05. The results showed that the Volkraw game method had a highly significant effect on all three domains (p < 0.001). The psychomotor mean rose by 4.07 points (t = -5.938), the affective mean by 4.76 points (t = -11.997), and the cognitive mean by 15.15 points (t = -9.265). In conclusion, the Volkraw game method effectively improved students' volleyball underhand passing outcomes across the psychomotor, affective, and cognitive domains, making it a promising innovative instructional strategy for senior high school physical education.

The effect of circuit training on the anaerobic endurance of boxing athletes

2026-07-26T20:41:12+00:00

Anaerobic endurance is a crucial component of physical condition for boxers because it is directly related to the ability to perform repeated high-intensity attacks during a match. However, empirical evidence on the effectiveness of training programmes for improving boxers' anaerobic endurance is still needed. This study aimed to determine the change in anaerobic endurance of boxers before and after circuit training. A pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was used. The participants were 12 active boxers from a boxing club in North Lampung Regency, selected by total sampling. Anaerobic performance was measured with the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), from which the average anaerobic power (in watts) was analysed. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, and, because the difference scores were not normally distributed, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The average anaerobic power increased from 432.50 W at pretest to 481.67 W at posttest, a mean improvement of 49.17 W (95% CI 47.93–50.40). The Wilcoxon test showed a significant pre-to-post difference (Z = -3.06; p = 0.002; r = 0.62). It can be concluded that the circuit training programme significantly improved boxers' anaerobic endurance and is therefore recommended for developing their physical condition, although the one-group design without a control group means the results should be interpreted with caution.

The effect of game-based agility training on students’ agility in football extracurricular activities

2026-07-03T13:11:27+00:00

Agility, the ability to change direction rapidly and accurately in response to a stimulus, is a decisive physical component in football. Preliminary observation of the football extracurricular activity at MTsN 5 Tanah Laut indicated that the students’ agility was still relatively low and that the training provided tended to be conventional and monotonous. This study aimed to determine the effect of game-based agility training on the improvement of students’ agility. A pre-experimental one group pretest-posttest design was used. The sample consisted of 18 students selected through total sampling, comprising the entire population of the activity. Agility was measured using the Illinois Agility Test, and each participant performed two trials with the fastest time recorded. The treatment, namely game-based agility training, was delivered for four weeks at three sessions per week with a progressive load. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, and a paired sample t-test, complemented by the effect size (Cohen’s d) and the 95% confidence interval of the mean difference. The mean completion time decreased from 16.95 seconds in the pretest to 15.66 seconds in the posttest, a mean difference of 1.29 seconds (95% CI = 1.07 to 1.51). The paired sample t-test yielded t = 12.324 with a significance of 0.000 (p < 0.05) and a very large effect size (Cohen’s d = 2.90). Therefore, there was a significant effect of game-based agility training on the improvement of students’ agility. Within the limits of a single-group design, this training can serve as an effective and enjoyable alternative for developing the agility of school-age football players.

Analysis of students' nutritional status and needs at elementary school no. 8 benoa

2026-07-25T13:04:16+00:00

This study aimed to describe the nutritional status and needs of students in grades IV, V, and VI of SD No. 8 Benoa, South Kuta District, Badung Regency, in the 2025/2026 academic year. A quantitative descriptive design with a survey method was used. The sample consisted of 48 students, comprising 22 girls (46%) and 26 boys (54%). Nutritional status was determined using the body mass index-for-age (BMI-for-age) z-score based on the WHO Child Growth Standards, and energy needs were estimated from basal metabolic rate (BMR), specific dynamic action (SDA), non-sport and sport physical activity, and additional energy for growth. The results showed that 7 students (14.58%) were very thin, 16 (33.33%) thin, 12 (25.0%) normal/ideal, 9 (18.75%) overweight, and 4 (8.33%) obese. The highest frequency fell in the thin category (16 students, 33.33%), so the nutritional status of students in grades IV, V, and VI at SD No. 8 Benoa was generally in the thin or non-ideal category. Students in the thin category tended to tire and lose enthusiasm easily during activities, which is linked to limited understanding of balanced nutrition and low-quality dietary intake at home and at school. These findings indicate the need for attention to students' nutritional intake, additional movement tasks from physical education teachers, and family involvement.

The relationship of arm muscle strength and hand-eye coordination with underhand serve ability in elementary school students

2026-07-26T09:41:04+00:00

The underhand serve is an important basic technique in elementary-school volleyball learning, yet many students still struggle to perform it effectively. Arm muscle strength and hand-eye coordination are often regarded as determinants of serving success, but empirical evidence for elementary-school students remains mixed. This study aimed to determine the relationship of arm muscle strength and hand-eye coordination with the underhand serve ability of elementary-school students. A quantitative correlational design was used. The population comprised all fifth- and sixth-grade students of SD Negeri 13 Tanjungraja (57 students), and 36 students were selected through purposive sampling. The instruments were a 30-second push-up test (arm muscle strength), a tennis-ball throw-and-catch test (hand-eye coordination), and a 10-attempt underhand serve test (serving ability). Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test, the Spearman correlation, and, as an exploratory step, multiple linear regression. Neither arm muscle strength nor hand-eye coordination showed a significant relationship with underhand serve ability, either partially or simultaneously; together the two variables explained only about 6.5% of the variance (R² = 0.065; F(2,33) = 1.14; p = 0.330). Underhand serve ability therefore appears to be shaped more by pedagogical factors and technical mastery than by these physical components alone. Volleyball instruction in elementary schools is recommended to emphasise active, contextual, and movement-oriented learning experiences centred on mastering basic technique.

The effectiveness of resistance band training on the mawashi geri kick speed of karate athletes

2026-07-26T13:46:43+00:00

Kicking speed is a component of physical condition that strongly determines the performance of karate athletes, especially in kumite. The mawashi geri technique requires fast, explosive, and accurate movements to score points before the opponent can anticipate them. One training method considered effective for increasing kicking speed is the resistance band, because it provides specific elastic resistance along the kicking movement pattern. This study aimed to analyse the effectiveness of resistance band training on the mawashi geri kick speed of karate athletes. A quantitative, pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was used. The population was the active karate athletes of the studied dojo, and 15 athletes were selected purposively. The instrument was the measurement of the travel time of a single mawashi geri kick using a digital stopwatch, and the data were analysed with the Shapiro–Wilk normality test followed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed a significant increase in kicking speed, with the average kick time decreasing from 0.63 s at pretest to 0.55 s at posttest (Z = -3.408; p < 0.001; r = 0.62). Resistance band training was therefore effective in increasing the mawashi geri kick speed of karate athletes and is recommended as a supporting training method in athlete-development and performance-improvement programmes. Given the one-group design without a control group, the findings should be interpreted with caution.

Effectiveness of plyometric exercise programs in improving the vertical jump ability of volleyball players: a systematic literature review

2026-01-23T06:53:52+00:00

Vertical jump ability is a crucial physical component in volleyball because it directly influences the effectiveness of spikes and blocks. Various studies show that plyometric training can increase explosive leg-muscle power, but the findings remain scattered and require systematic synthesis. This study aimed to analyse and synthesise the effectiveness of plyometric training programs on the vertical jump ability of volleyball players. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Records were identified from national and international databases and screened against predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data were extracted using a selection sheet and an extraction sheet. A total of 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesised descriptively and comparatively. The findings indicate that plyometric training consistently produces significant improvements in vertical jump ability. The duration, intensity, frequency, and variety of plyometric exercises influenced the magnitude of improvement, with programs of at least six weeks and a frequency of two to three sessions per week being most effective. Plyometric training is therefore effective and is recommended as a primary method in volleyball player development and performance-improvement programs.

Analysis of the level of physical fitness of learners in physical education learning

2026-01-23T06:52:52+00:00

Physical fitness is an important factor that influences students' ability to participate in physical education learning, improve endurance, and support motor development and long-term health. Initial observations indicate variations in physical fitness levels among students, necessitating a more in-depth study. This study aims to analyze the physical fitness levels of fifth-grade students in physical education learning. The study used a quantitative approach with descriptive methods. The population in this study were all fifth-grade students of SD Negeri 6 Kelapa, with a sample of 30 students taken using a total sampling technique. The research instrument used the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI) for ages 10–12 years, which consists of five test items. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics in the form of score calculations, percentages, and categorization of physical fitness levels. The results of the study showed that the physical fitness levels of students were in the varied category, with a dominance in the moderate category. The results indicated that most students had sufficient physical fitness, but still needed improvement. The conclusion of this study is that the physical fitness levels of students still need to be improved through more programmed, varied, and fitness-oriented physical education learning. It is recommended that physical education teachers design more intensive and enjoyable learning activities to support improving students' physical fitness.