NON FUNGIBLE TOKEN SEBAGAI ASET DIGITAL DALAM PANDANGAN FIQH MUAMALAH
Abstract View: 263,
PDF Download: 260
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32665/attuhfah.v11i2.1423Keywords:
Non-fungible token, Pasar online Opensea, Hukum Ekonomi SyariahAbstract
The phenomenon of buying and selling online continues to grow, especially in 2022, when Ghozali shocked the Indonesian people by selling 933 non-fungible token digital works for $1.5 billion on the OpenSea Online Market. But not all people respond, because everyone can sell other people's art, sell images that contain pornography, and commit fraud under the guise of investment. In Sharia economic law, on the other hand, the element of fraud and the sale of something that does not belong to him are prohibited.
The mechanism of buying and selling non-fungible tokens on the OpenSea online market is discussed in this study, as well as how the law is based on Islamic economics.This type of research uses a qualitative approach by seeking direct data from parties involved in buying and selling non-fungible tokens on the Opensea online marketplaces, from journals, articles, books, and other sources. The theory of "al-mal" and "al-bai' is used to analyze this research using a qualitative deductive method.
The results of the research show three mechanisms in the practice of buying and selling non-fungible tokens on the Opensea online marketplace, which include the creation, sale, and purchase of digital artwork, and most of them are carried out on the Ethereum and Polygon blockchain platforms. According to sharia economic law, when buying and selling non-fungible tokens on the Opensea online market is analyzed using the mall theory, the majority of Ulama argue that non-fungible tokens can be classified as malls, while some groups of followers of Imam Hanafi do not justify non-fungible tokens as malls because of their non-concrete nature. Meanwhile, if it is captured using the "bai' theory, the practice of buying and selling non-fungible tokens is not covered by sharia because, in practice, people can easily sell other people's digital artwork, sell images that contain pornographic elements, and are very vulnerable to involvement in non-fungible token sale scams such as forgery of digital artwork descriptions and investment scams. As for those who can avoid all these negative elements, then they are returned to the original law of bai', namely mubah.
References
Abdullah, Muhammad Husain. Studi dasar-dasar Pemikiran Islam. Bogor: Pustaka Thoriqul Izzah, 2002.
Abidin, Ibn. Hasyiah Rad al-Mukhtarala al-Dar al-Mukhtar Sharh Tanwir al-Absar, Jil. 4. Mesir: Matbaah Mustafa al-Halabi: 1966.
Darani (al), Fathi. Haq al-Ibtikar fi al-fiqh al-muqarin. Bairut : Matba’ah Muassasah al-Risalah.
Ali, Atabik. Kamus Kotemporer Arab Indonesia. Yokyakarta : Multi Karya Grafika, 1999.
Al-Khafifi, Ali. mukhtashar Akhkam al-Muamalah al-Syar’iyyah. Kairo : Matba’ah al-Sunnah, 1952.
Sanhuri (al), Abdul razaq al-Sanhuri. Mashadir al-Haq fi al-Haq fi al-Fiqh al-Islami. Bairut : Dar al-Qalam, 1954.
Zarqa’ (al), Mustafa Ahmad. Al-Madkhal ila Nazriyat al-Iltizam al-Ammah f al-Fiqh al-Islam. Damsiq: Dar al-Qalam. 1999.
Zuhaili (al), Wahbah. Fikih Islam Wa Adillatuhu. Jakarta : Gema Insani 2011.
Zuhaili (al), Wahbah. al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuh. Damsyiq : Dar al-Fikri, 1989.
Arikunto, Suharsimi. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2011.
Shiddieqy (ash), Hasbi. Pengantar Fiqih Muamalah. Jakarta : Bulan Bintang, 1987.
Azzam, Muhammad Abdul Aziz. Fiqh Muamalat Sistem Transaksi Dalam Fiqh Islam. Jakarta: Amzah, 2017.
Basuki, Rahmad. Praktik Jual Beli Sawit Dalam Perspektif Etika Bisnis Islam,. Bengkulu: Institut Agama Islam Negeri Bengkulu, 2016.
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 2002.
Fathoni, Abdurrohmat. Metode Penelitian dan Teknik Penyusunan Skripsi. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 2006.
Ghazali, Abdul Rahman. Fiqh Muamalat. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2012.
Haroen, Nasrun. Fiqh Muamalah. Jakarta: Gaya Media Pratama, 2007.
Jaib, Abu. Kamus Fiqhi Lugghoh wa istilahan. Damaskus: Dar al-Fikr, 1982.
Lubis, Surahwardi K. Hukum Ekonomi Islam. Jakarta : Sinar Grafika, 2000.
Mas’adi, Ghufron A. Fiqih Muaamalah Kontekstual. Jakarta : Raja Grafindo Persada, 2002.
Mas’ud, Ibnu. Fiqh Madzhab Syafi’i Edisi Lengkap. Bandung : CV. Pustaka Setia, 2000.
Muslich, Ahmad Wardi. Fikih Muamalah. Amzah. Jakarta : Aamzah, 2010.
Pasaribu, Chairuman. Hukum Perjanjian Dalam Islam. Jakarta : Sinar Grafika, 1996.
Rusyd, Ibnu. Bidayatu’l Mujatahid, Terjemah oleh M.A. Abdurrahman dan A. Haris Abdullah. Semarang : Juz III Asy-Syifa 1990.
Sabiq, Sayyid. Fiqih Sunnah (terj), Kamaluddin A. Marzuki, Jilid XII. Bandung: Al-Ma‟arif, 1987.
Salabi, Muhammad Musthafa. al-Madkhal Fi al-Ta’rif bi al-Fiqh al-Islami Wa Qawa’id al-Milkiyah wa al-‘uqud fih. Mesir : Maktab al-Maliyyah, 1960.
Saleh, Hassan. Kajian Fiqih Nabawi dan Fiqih Kontemporer. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers,2008.
Satori, Djam’an dan Aan Komariah, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta, 2017.
Suhendi, Hendi. Fiqih Muamalah. Jakarta : PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2008.
Suryabrata, Sumadi. Metodelogi Penelitian. Jakarta: Rajawali, 1987.
Syarifuddin, Amir. Garis-garis Besar Fiqih. Bogor: Kencana, 2003.
Tarmizi, Erwandi. Harta Haram Muamalat Kontemporer. Bogor : Pt berkat mulia insani, 2017.
Zaidan, Abdul Karim. Al-Madkhal li Dirasah al-Syariah al-Islamiyah. Ikandariah: Dar Umar Ibn al-Khattab,1969.
Azqia, Hidayatul. "Jual Beli Dalam Perspektif Islam". Al-Rasyad, No. 1, Vol. 1, Januari 2022.
Budianto, Mohammad Rizky Ramadhandy. "Perspektif Islam Terhadap Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi". Jurnal Islamika: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, No. 1, Vol. 21, 01 Juli 2022.
Dalhari. "Jual Beli Dalam Kajian Fiqih". At-Tujjar, No. 2, Vol. 9, Oktober 2021.
Izza, Diana. "Transaksi Terlarang Dalam Ekonomi Syariah". Jurnal Keadaban, No. 2, Vol. 3, 2021.
Masyudi, Habib. "Peran Harta Perspektif Ekonomi Islam Dalam Era Pandemi Covid-19". Masadir: Jurnal Hukum Islam, No. 1, Vol. 1, April 2021.
Noor, Muhammad Usman. "NFT : Masa Depan Arsip Digital? atau hanya sekedar Bubble?". Pustakaloka: Jurnal Kajian Informasi dan Perpustakaan, No. 2, Vol. 13, Desember 2021.
Putra, Muhammad Deni. “Jual Beli Online Berbasis Media Sosial Dalam Prespektif Ekonomi Islam”. Iltizam Journal Of Shariah Economic Research, No. 2, V. 3, Februari 2019.
Rizal, “Eksistensi harta dalam Islam”. Jurnal penelitian, No. 1, Vol. 9, 1 Februari 2015.
Vitria, Tira Nur. “Bisnis jual Beli Online dalam Hukum Islam dan Hukum negara”. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, No. 1, Vol. 3, Maret 2017.
Yulia, Alis. "Pengaruh NFT Terhadap Perlindungan Hak Cipta Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Pencemaran Lingkungan". Jurnal Ilmiah Galuh Justisi, No. 1, Vol. 10, Maret 2022.
Zakiruddin, Muhammad Aziz Zakiruddin. "Jual Beli Dengan Sistem Dropshipping Dalam Kajian Hadist". At-Tahdzib: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Mu’amalah, No. 1, Vol. 9, 2021.
Adhitya. "Apa Sih OpenSea Itu dan Bagaimana Cara Daftarnya?", dalam https://gadgetren.com/2022/01/21/apa-itu-opensea-cara-daftar-157301/ , diakses pada 12 Februari 2023
Burhan, Fahmi Ahmad. "Bappebti Butuh Waktu Mengatur NFT meski Perdagangannya Kian Marak", dalam https://www.google.com/search?ie=UTF-8&source=android browser&q=peekataan+bapepeti+terkait+nft , diakses pada 12 Februari 2023.
Casey. "What are NFTs? (Non-Fungible-Tokens!) -Beginner's guide", dalam https://youtu.be/H-bX2eR4Yvs , diakses pada 12 Februari 2023.
Coggan, Georgia. “Confused about NFTs? Here‘s All You Need to Know,‖ Creativebloq”,dalamhttps://www.creativebloq.com/features/what-are-nfts. diakses pada 15 Februari 2023.
Corbuzier, Deddy. "Ghozali Everyday NFT Kaya Mendadak", dalam https://youtu.be/OsWuAcam IlU , diakses pada 15 Februari 2023.
Dewi, Retia Kartika. "Mengenal Apa Itu OpenSea, Pasar Digital untuk Jual BeliNFT",dalamhttps://www.google.com/search?q=Opensea+adalah&source=android browser&sxsrf=APq, diakses pada 15 Februari 2023.
Ehrlich, Steven. "NFT Marketplace CEO Explains Why The Industry Is Moving Beyond Ideological Purists", dalam https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevenehrlich/2021/07/06/nft-marketplace-ceo-explains-why-the-industry-is-moving-beyond-ideological-purists/?sh=6beb816b1fc3 , diakses pada 15 Februari 2023.
Faridah, Siti. "Legalitas Non-Fungible Token Di Indonesia", dalam https://yuklegal.com/legalitas-non-fungible-token-di-indonesia/ , diakses pada 20 Februari 2023.
Gabriela, Jessica. "Pendiri OpenSea, Devin Finzer dan Alex Atallah jadi Miliarder NFT Pertama di Dunia", dalam https://m.bisnis.com/amp/read/20220107/265/1486449/pendiri-opensea-devin-finzer-dan-alex-atallah-jadi-miliarder-nft-pertama-di-dunia, diakses pada 20 Februari 2023.
Harnovinsah, “Metodelogi Penelitian”, https://mercubuana.ac.id/MetodeLogiPenelitian, 20 Februari 2023.
Hufron. "Apa itu NFT? dan Bagaimana perlindungan HKI", dalam https://www.advocates.id/apa-itu-nft-bagaimana-perlindungan-hak-kekayaan-intelektualnya-yuk-simak/, diakses pada 20 Februari 2023.
Kagan, Noah. "NFT founder reveals the next big crypto opportunities", dalam https://youtu.be/JhZnUQEg_b0 , diakses pada 20 Februari 2023.
Maulida, Lely. "Melihat Perkembangan NFT di Indonesia, dari Awal Mula hingga Muncul Ghozali Effect", dalamhttps://amp.kompas.com/tekno/read/2022/02/28/09350097/melihat-perkembangan-nft-di-indonesia-dari-awal-mula-hingga-muncul-ghozali , diakses pada 20 Februari 2023.
Opensea. "How do I Sell an NFT?", dalam https://support.opensea.io/hc/en us/articles/360063498333-How-do-I-sell-an-NFT-, diakses pada 20 Februari 2023.
Primadhyta, Safyra. "Pendiri OpenSea Masuk dalam Jajaran Miliarder Dunia", dalamhttps://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20220119095837-92-748470/pendiri opensea-masuk-dalam-jajaran-miliarder-dunia/amp, diakses pada 20 Februari 2023.
Rizki, Mochamad Januar. "Transaksi Non-Fungible Token Tidak Termasuk Lingkup Pengawasan OJK", dalam https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/transaksi-non-fungible-token-tidak-termasuk-lingkup-pengawasan-ojk-lt61e9127e4bf61/ , diakses pada 20 Februari 2023.
Sabrina. "Building an NFT marketplace with Opensea co-founder Alex Atallah Opensea team interview" dalam https://youtu.be/zpKTYxnT19Y , diakses pada 20 Februari 2023.
Siregar, Basfin. "Dapat Rp1,5 Miliar Jual Selfie NFT, Ghozali Bayar Pajak Rp356 juta", dalam https://www.belasting.id/pajak/74715/Dapat-Rp15-Miliar-Jual-Selfie-NFT-Ghozali-Bayar-Pajak-Rp356-juta/, diakses pada 20 Februari 2023.
Sofwere Digital al-Qur’an in word, Dapartemen Agama RI, al-Qur’an dan terjemah.
Wang, Lynn. "Jangan Asal Beli NFT, Inilah 7 Modus Penipuan NFT yang Harus Diwaspadai", dalam https://id.beincrypto.com/belajar/modus-penipuan-nft-yang-harus-diwaspadai/ , diakses pada 20 Februari 2023.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 At-Tuhfah : Jurnal Studi Keislaman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Abstract View: 263,
PDF Download: 260
