The relationship of arm muscle strength and hand-eye coordination with underhand serve ability in elementary school students
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https://doi.org/10.32665/citius.v6i2.6317Keywords:
physical education, underhand service, arm muscle strength, hand eye coordination, elementary school.Abstract
The underhand serve is an important basic technique in elementary-school volleyball learning, yet many students still struggle to perform it effectively. Arm muscle strength and hand-eye coordination are often regarded as determinants of serving success, but empirical evidence for elementary-school students remains mixed. This study aimed to determine the relationship of arm muscle strength and hand-eye coordination with the underhand serve ability of elementary-school students. A quantitative correlational design was used. The population comprised all fifth- and sixth-grade students of SD Negeri 13 Tanjungraja (57 students), and 36 students were selected through purposive sampling. The instruments were a 30-second push-up test (arm muscle strength), a tennis-ball throw-and-catch test (hand-eye coordination), and a 10-attempt underhand serve test (serving ability). Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test, the Spearman correlation, and, as an exploratory step, multiple linear regression. Neither arm muscle strength nor hand-eye coordination showed a significant relationship with underhand serve ability, either partially or simultaneously; together the two variables explained only about 6.5% of the variance (R² = 0.065; F(2,33) = 1.14; p = 0.330). Underhand serve ability therefore appears to be shaped more by pedagogical factors and technical mastery than by these physical components alone. Volleyball instruction in elementary schools is recommended to emphasise active, contextual, and movement-oriented learning experiences centred on mastering basic technique.
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