The effect of the Volkraw game method on the learning outcomes of volleyball underhand passing among twelfth-grade students
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https://doi.org/10.32665/citius.v6i2.7014Keywords:
Volkraw method; learning outcomes; underhand pass; volleyballAbstract
This study examined the effect of the Volkraw game method on the learning outcomes of volleyball underhand passing among twelfth-grade students at SMA Negeri 1 Mranggen in the 2025/2026 academic year. It used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method and a One-Group Pretest and Posttest Design, involving 33 students selected through random sampling. The independent variable was the Volkraw game method, while the dependent variable was students' underhand passing learning outcomes across the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. The instruments consisted of a multiple-choice test for the cognitive domain, an observation checklist for the affective domain, and a 60-second practical test for the psychomotor domain. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and the Paired Sample t-Test at a significance level of α = 0.05. The results showed that the Volkraw game method had a highly significant effect on all three domains (p < 0.001). The psychomotor mean rose by 4.07 points (t = -5.938), the affective mean by 4.76 points (t = -11.997), and the cognitive mean by 15.15 points (t = -9.265). In conclusion, the Volkraw game method effectively improved students' volleyball underhand passing outcomes across the psychomotor, affective, and cognitive domains, making it a promising innovative instructional strategy for senior high school physical education.
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